Plastic recycling method
the output of synthetic resin in the world has reached 200million tons. The treatment of plastic after mass consumption has become a hot spot in today's earth's environmental protection. At present, there are several ways to deal with post consumer Plastics: 1 landfill: 2 incineration: 3 composting; 4 recovery and regeneration; 5 use degradable plastics
the regeneration methods after plastic recycling include melting regeneration, thermal cracking, energy recovery, recovery of chemical raw materials and other methods
(1) melting regeneration melting regeneration is a method of reheating and plasticizing waste plastics and using them. From the source of waste plastics, this method can be divided into two categories: one is the recycling of clean waste plastics from the leftover materials of resin plants and processing plants; The second is the recycling of various plastic products mixed together after use. The former is called pure regeneration, which can produce plastic products with better performance; The latter is called composite regeneration, which can only prepare plastic products with relatively poor performance requirements, and the recycling process is more complex
(2) thermal cracking thermal cracking method is a method to produce combustion oil and fuel gas from selected waste plastics by thermal cracking
(3) energy recovery energy recovery is a method of utilizing the heat generated by the combustion of waste plastics
(4) recycled chemical raw materials, some kinds of plastics, plus polyurethane, can be hydrolyzed to obtain raw material monomers during synthesis. This is a method of using chemical decomposition of waste plastics into chemical raw materials for recycling
(5) in addition to the above recycling methods of waste plastics, there are also various methods of using waste plastics, such as crushing waste polystyrene foam and mixing it into the soil to improve the water retention, aeration and drainage of the soil, or mixing it with cement as filler to make light concrete, or adding adhesives to press it into cushion materials, etc
treatment of plastic solid waste
it has been a difficult process to produce plastics from oil and coal to replace natural polymer materials. A whole generation of outstanding chemists have worked hard to realize the excellent physical and chemical properties and durability of plastics. Plastic has replaced a large number of traditional packaging materials with its characteristics of light weight, durability, beauty and low price, which has contributed to a revolution in the packaging industry. But what people expect is that it is precisely these excellent properties of plastics that produce a large number of durable and non corrosive plastic waste. The large amount of discarded plastic packaging after use has become a major hazard to the environment. The main reason is that these plastic garbage are difficult to treat and cannot be decomposed into dust. In the existing municipal solid waste, the proportion of plastic has reached 15% - 20%, and most of them are disposable plastic packaging products. The disposal of plastic waste is not only a problem of the plastic industry, but also has become a public nuisance of the international community
in order to meet the needs of protecting the earth's environment, the world's plastic processing industry has developed many new environmental protection technologies. In terms of saving resources, it mainly includes improving the aging resistance of products, prolonging the service life, multi-function and appropriate product design; In terms of resource reuse, it mainly studies the efficient separation and separation technology of plastic waste, efficient melting recycling technology, chemical recycling technology, fully biodegradable materials, water-soluble materials, edible films; In terms of reduction technology, it is mainly to study the waste plastic compression reduction technology and film bag container technology, and try to make the products thinner on the premise of ensuring the application performance; In the development of CFC substitutes, carbon dioxide foaming technology is mainly studied; In the research of substitutes, PVC and PVDC substitutes are mainly developed
in the treatment of urban plastic solid waste, there are three main methods: landfill, incineration and recycling. Due to different national conditions, countries differ. The United States is mainly landfill, while Europe and Japan are mainly incineration. Using landfill treatment, because the plastic is generally light in quality and not perishable, it will lead to the landfill land becoming a soft foundation, which will be difficult to use in the future. Using incineration treatment, because plastic has a high calorific value, it is easy to damage the furnace. In addition, the gas generated after incineration will promote the warming of the earth. Some plastics will release harmful gases during incineration and pollute the atmosphere. Using the recycling method, due to the labor consumption, high recycling cost, and the lack of corresponding recycling channels, the world's recycling only accounts for about 15% of the total plastic consumption. However, due to the limited oil resources in the world, the recycling of plastics is of great significance from the perspective of saving earth resources. Therefore, at present, countries all over the world have invested a lot of human and material resources to develop key technologies for the recycling of waste plastics, and are committed to reducing the cost of plastic recycling and developing appropriate application fields
I. heat recovery method
most plastics are made of petroleum, and the main components are hydrocarbons, which can be burned. For example, polystyrene burns more heat than dye oil. Some experts believe that sending plastic waste to the incinerator for combustion can provide heat for heating or power generation, because 86% of the petroleum dyes are directly burned, of which only 4% are made into plastic products. It is normal to send plastic after it is used up as heat energy, and the use of heat energy is one of the last methods of plastic recycling, which cannot be underestimated. However, many environmental protection groups oppose the burning of plastics. They believe that the burning method will concentrate all the messy chemicals and produce toxic gases. For example, half of the PVC component is chlorine, and the chlorine released during combustion has strong corrosive destructive power, and is the culprit of dioxin
at present, there are 200000 tons of PVC waste in Germany every year, 30% of which are burned in incinerators, which makes people panic. The law has to formulate countermeasures for this. The German Federal Environment Agency has stipulated that all incinerators must meet the limit of less than 0.1ng (nanograms) per cubic meter of exhaust gas. Although the air pollution standard of incinerators in Germany has been recognized as a high standard in the world, it still does not dare to say that the combustion method will not release harmful substances due to mechanical failure. Therefore, it can be predicted that environmental protection groups in various countries will still vigorously oppose the incineration method to recover heat energy
II. Classified recycling method
as plastic recycling, the most important thing is to classify. Common plastics include polystyrene, polypropylene, low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, polycarbonate, and successfully shorten the customer's period to less than one month. It is difficult for ordinary people to distinguish the differences between these plastics. Now the plastic classification work is mostly done manually. Recently, there has been new research progress in machine classification. A German Chemical Technology Association invented infrared to identify categories, which is fast and accurate, but the sorting cost is high
III. chemical reduction method
researchers began to try to extract the chemical components in plastic for reuse. The technological method adopted is to cut off the long chain of the polymer and restore its original properties. The raw materials cracked can be used to make new plastics. Some methods are to add chemical elements to promote the chemical cracking of combined carbon atoms, or add energy to promote their thermal cracking
Bayer company of Germany has developed a hydrolytic chemical reduction method to crack PUC sponge pads. Experiments have proved that the chemical reduction method is technically feasible, but it can only be used to treat clean plastics, such as corner powder and other plastic wastes produced in the production process. However, it is difficult to use chemical decomposition method to deal with the plastic contaminated with other pollutants used in the family. The application of this reduction method will not use hydrolysis to treat waste materials in large quantities until the 21st century. Some new chemical decomposition methods are still in the process of research. Ford Motor Company of the United States is currently applying ester hydrolysis to the treatment of automotive waste plastic parts
rensser Institute of technology has developed a solution that can decompose plastic waste. This patented solution is heated with six different types of plastics mixed together. Six polymers can be extracted at different temperatures. In the experiment, polystyrene plastic fragments and relevant solutions are mixed to dissolve at room temperature. If oil leakage is found, it is sent to a sealed container for heating, and then sent to the "flash chamber" with low pressure. The solution evaporates rapidly (recyclable), and the rest is pure polystyrene that can be reused
it is said that the purification device used in the research can purify 1kg of polymer per hour. The New York state government and the Niagara Mohawk power company are planning to jointly build a small-scale pilot plant. Investors claim that after the completion of the plant, 4T of polymer raw materials can be recycled per hour. Its cost is only 30% of the production raw materials, which has very obvious commercial value
IV. hydrogenolysis
many experts believe that hydrogenation can be used to treat mixed plastic products. Put the mixed plastic fragments into the hydrogen reaction furnace and apply specific temperature and pressure to produce raw materials such as synthetic crude oil and gas. This treatment method can be used to treat PVC waste, and its advantage is that it will not produce toxic dioxin and chlorine. Using this method to treat mixed plastic products, 60% - 80% of the components can be refined into synthetic crude oil according to different plastic components. In a joint research report, three chemical companies from Germany, such as BASF, pointed out that hydrogenation is the best way of thermal cracking, and the synthetic raw oil produced by analysis is of good quality and can be used for oil refining
the University of Kentucky in Lexington, the United States, has invented a process to turn waste plastic into high-quality plastic fuel. In 2017, the overall excess oil in the power cell capacity. The fuel produced by this method is much like crude oil, even lighter than crude oil, and it is easier to refine into fuel oil with high octane number. The fuel oil produced from waste plastics does not contain sulfur and has few impurities. Plastics are liquefied with coal in a similar way. It can also produce high-quality fuel oil
the researchers used various plastics, zeolite catalysts, tetrahydro jinhuibo and other PMMA materials in the shower. According to the patient's medical history and specific eye conditions, 1078 patients were measured to customize and wear prosthetic eyes within 10 years, and their cosmetic effects were summarized and analyzed. The results showed that all patients without and with eyeballs removed could successfully apply this kind of ultra-thin and thick prosthetic eyes, and none of them was mixed with exclusion of reactive naphthalene, Then it is put into a reaction furnace called "pipe bomb", which is pressurized and heated with hydrogen to promote the decomposition of macromolecular plastics into compounds with small molecular weight. This process is similar to the combination in crude oil treatment. After this treatment, the oil yield of waste plastics is very high, and the oil yield of polyethylene plastic bottles can reach 88%. When waste plastics and coal are mixed and liquefied in a ratio of approximately 1:1, higher quality fuel oil can be obtained. After evaluating the economic benefits of this process, it is expected that the production of fuel oil from waste plastics will become degenerated in 5-10 years, with blast furnace benefits. At present, Germany has begun to build a reaction furnace with a daily output of 200t plastic oil in botop
v. category reduction design method
when designing products, the research and development department takes into account the needs of recycling and disassembly. For materials suitable for recycling in the United States, the focus of consideration is not which kind of plastic is the most ideal for making individual parts, but the materials that can be widely used, which is a revolutionary change in concept.
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